Sun Pitcher (Marsh Pitcher)

Taksonomi

Keluarga:	Sarraceniaceae
Genus:	Heliamphora
Pesanan:	Ericales

Gambaran keseluruhan

Heliamphora minor is one of the smallest marsh or sun pitchers, with pitchers only about 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) tall. It grows wild only on Auyán-tepui, a table mountain in Venezuela, and is one of the more widely available species in cultivation and one the ICPS recommends to beginners.

Like all Heliamphora, H. minor grows from an underground rhizome and forms rosettes of tubular pitchers made of rolled leaves with fused edges. Instead of a lid, each pitcher carries a small 'nectar spoon' at the top of the back rim; in H. minor the spoon sits on a narrow stalk, one of the features that separates it from the related H. pulchella. Each pitcher also has a small drainage hole or slit in its side that lets surplus rainwater escape, a feature found in no other pitcher plant genus.

As its name (Latin minor, smaller) suggests, it is one of the smallest species in the genus, with pitchers usually 10-15 cm (4-6 in) tall. It is closely related to H. ciliata and H. pulchella; H. pulchella was long treated as a hairy form of H. minor. Two varieties are recognized: var. minor and var. pilosa, which has conspicuously hairy pitchers.

Heliamphora flowers are monocot-like in appearance, with four to six tepals, and in cultivation they must be pollinated by hand.

Maklumat Geografi

Wilayah Asli: Auyán-tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela (endemic)

Zon Iklim: Cool, very wet tropical highland (tepui); grown indoors elsewhere

H. minor is endemic to Auyán-tepui in the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela, where Barry Rice suggests its small size may protect it from harsh conditions. The genus list records it at about 1,650-2,500 m (5,400-8,200 ft). Tepui summits are sandstone plateaus with near-constant rain, cold but generally frost-free nights and day temperatures mostly between about 7 and 23°C (45-74°F). Soil is scarce: where any exists it is sand, rock and decomposed plant matter, and plants often grow partly submerged or flooded by daily showers.

Ciri-ciri Fizikal

Saiz Matang: Pitchers about 4-6 in (10-15 cm) tall; forms clumps of rosettes

Kadar Pertumbuhan: Slow

Jenis Perangkap: Pitfall Trap

The pitchers are simple pitfall traps. Insects, mostly ants in the genus, are drawn by color and by nectar produced on the nectar spoon at the top of the pitcher. Downward-pointing hairs on the inner wall push visitors toward the base, where they drown in collected rainwater. The drainage hole keeps the water at a constant maximum level. Field studies found that H. minor does not produce its own protein-digesting enzymes; it relies on bacteria living in the pitcher fluid to break down prey.

Panduan Penjagaan

Keperluan Cahaya

Very bright light; plants in poor light do not develop the pitcher shape typical of their species. Under LEDs in a reflective terrarium, the ICPS suggests at least 20 W of LED or 1,200 lumens per square foot (30 cm square) about 10-15 cm above the plants. Pitchers need light from the sides as well as above.

About 15 hours under lights setiap hari

Keperluan Air

taip: Pure water, usually reverse osmosis; well water is generally too salty

Kaedah: Keep the soil constantly moist and never let it dry out, either by standing pots in a few millimeters of water or by watering daily or every other day and draining the excess. In greenhouses, light mixes and daily overhead watering work well.

Kekerapan: Daily to every other day, or keep a few mm of water in the tray

Kelembapan: Over 70%; usually a terrarium

tanah

An airy mix that holds water but never turns stinky. The current North American consensus is equal parts long-fiber sphagnum, perlite and aquatic planting medium; long-fiber sphagnum with perlite or coarse sand also works. Barry Rice has used pure live or long-fiber sphagnum.

pH: Near neutral, low-organic mixes are recommended

Suhu

Musim panas: About 60-80°F (16-27°C)

musim sejuk: Same as summer; survives light frost

Memberi makan

Kekerapan: About once a month, into the pitchers

Heliamphora grow better with some fertilizer. For plants with adult pitchers, in-pitcher feeding is best: one or two slow-release fertilizer pellets per pitcher, or a dilute urea-free orchid fertilizer solution about once a month, keeping water in the pitchers. Too much soil fertilizer is one of the easiest ways to kill a plant.

Penyebaran

Kaedah: Division of clumps when temperatures are relatively low: separate the growth points with as little root disturbance as possible and keep divisions bagged or very humid for about a month. Leaf pullings of juvenile leaves and small pitchers can root in 6-12 months. Seed, from hand pollination, is sown on milled sphagnum and grows very slowly.

Kesukaran: Moderate

Petua Pemula

Start with H. minor, H. heterodoxa, H. nutans or a hybrid. Give bright light, high humidity, pure water and cool, steady temperatures.

Menyelesaikan masalah

Plants failing in summer: the roots are too warm. Green, misshapen pitchers: more light. Burned or dying plants after fertilizing: too much fertilizer in the soil. Tissue-culture plants grow unusually fast for about a year, then slow to a natural pace.

Petua Berkembang

Feed the pitchers, not the pot Advanced

A slow-release fertilizer pellet in a pitcher that holds water helps growth. Fertilizer in the soil easily burns the roots.

Bright but cool General

Heliamphora want strong light like a sunny mountain top but cool, steady temperatures. Use LEDs rather than hot lamps, and keep roots below about 26°C (79°F).

Fakta Menarik

Heliamphora pitchers have an overflow hole, a feature found in no other pitcher plant genus.
The genus name was intended as 'marsh pitcher' (Greek helos, marsh), but is often read as 'sun pitcher' (helios, sun).
H. minor is one of the smallest species in the genus.
A form with hairy pitchers, var. pilosa, was described as a new variety in a paper dated 2011.
The ICPS lists typical H. minor among the easiest Heliamphora for beginners.

Sejarah

The genus was founded on H. nutans, which Robert Schomburgk collected in 1839 and George Bentham named in 1840. It remained the only known species until Henry Allan Gleason described H. tatei and H. tyleri in 1931. Gleason added H. minor in 1939, in a paper with E.P. Killip on the flora of Mount Auyán-tepui. In 1984 Julian Steyermark described a form laevis, now treated as part of var. minor, and in 2011 Andreas Fleischmann and J.R. Grande Allende described var. pilosa.

Heliamphora has been in cultivation for over 130 years, but plants were rare until the 1990s, when new clones propagated by sterile (tissue) culture made them widely available.

Sumber

Soalan lazim

Very bright light; plants in poor light do not develop the pitcher shape typical of their species. Under LEDs in a reflective terrarium, the ICPS suggests at least 20 W of LED or 1,200 lumens per square foot (30 cm square) about 10-15 cm above the plants. Pitchers need light from the sides as well as above. Sasarkan kira-kira About 15 hours under lights cahaya sehari.

Pure water, usually reverse osmosis; well water is generally too salty. Keep the soil constantly moist and never let it dry out, either by standing pots in a few millimeters of water or by watering daily or every other day and draining the excess. In greenhouses, light mixes and daily overhead watering work well.

An airy mix that holds water but never turns stinky. The current North American consensus is equal parts long-fiber sphagnum, perlite and aquatic planting medium; long-fiber sphagnum with perlite or coarse sand also works. Barry Rice has used pure live or long-fiber sphagnum. pH tanah: Near neutral, low-organic mixes are recommended.

Ia tidak memerlukan dormansi. Suhu musim sejuk: Same as summer; survives light frost.

Heliamphora grow better with some fertilizer. For plants with adult pitchers, in-pitcher feeding is best: one or two slow-release fertilizer pellets per pitcher, or a dilute urea-free orchid fertilizer solution about once a month, keeping water in the pitchers. Too much soil fertilizer is one of the easiest ways to kill a plant. Kekerapan: About once a month, into the pitchers.

Auyán-tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela (endemic). H. minor is endemic to Auyán-tepui in the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela, where Barry Rice suggests its small size may protect it from harsh conditions.

Division of clumps when temperatures are relatively low: separate the growth points with as little root disturbance as possible and keep divisions bagged or very humid for about a month. Leaf pullings of juvenile leaves and small pitchers can root in 6-12 months. Seed, from hand pollination, is sown on milled sphagnum and grows very slowly.

Plants failing in summer: the roots are too warm. Green, misshapen pitchers: more light. Burned or dying plants after fertilizing: too much fertilizer in the soil. Tissue-culture plants grow unusually fast for about a year, then slow to a natural pace.

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