White-collared Pitcher Plant

Taxonomia

Familia:	Nepenthaceae
Jenasi:	Nepenthes
Agizo:	Caryophyllales

Muhtasari

Nepenthes albomarginata is a tropical pitcher plant of Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, named for the band of white hairs just below the rim of its pitchers. That band is edible bait for termites, making it the only carnivorous plant known to specialise in a single kind of prey.

Nepenthes albomarginata is a climbing plant with a stem up to about 4 m long, though Cheek and Jebb record plants to 10 m. Its narrow, leathery leaves have no leaf stalk at all. Young stems and leaves carry a dense, long, coppery red covering of hairs.

Lower pitchers are bulbous in the lower third and cylindrical above, only up to about 15 cm (6 in) tall and 4 cm wide, with a pair of fringed wings. The peristome is narrow, up to 2 mm wide. Directly below it runs a dense band of short white hairs, usually bright white but less often brown, which sets the species apart from all others. Upper pitchers are cylindrical to funnel-shaped, with ribs in place of wings. The common form is green, while rarer forms have red or blackish pitchers; a red form was named var. rubra in 1908.

It is sometimes confused with N. gracilis, which lacks the white band. Natural hybrids are recorded with many species, among them N. × cincta (with N. northiana) and N. × ferrugineomarginata (with N. reinwardtiana).

Taarifa za Kijiografia

Mkoa wa asili: Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, including Penang and Nias

Maeneo ya Hali ya Hewa: Tropical, sea level to about 1,200 m

Its typical habitat is kerangas (heath) forest, but it also grows in submontane forest and on exposed ridge-tops and the summits of low peaks, on peat, limestone or sandstone. It ranges from sea level to about 1,100 to 1,200 m. It is absent from Singapore.

Sifa za Kimwili

Ukubwa Mzima: Climber to about 4 m; pitchers up to about 15 cm (6 in) tall

Kiwango cha Ukuaji: Moderate

Aina ya Mtego: Pitfall Trap

Nepenthes albomarginata specialises in termites, unlike most Nepenthes, which take whatever they catch. Marlis Merbach and colleagues placed pitchers near foraging columns of the termite Hospitalitermes bicolor. The termites grazed on the living white hairs below the peristome, and many workers and soldiers fell in and could not climb out: up to 22 a minute in Merbach's counts. After about an hour the hairs were gone, the pitcher was no longer attractive, and it was full of termites. Merbach found no sign of scent attracting them from a distance; contacts seemed to happen by chance. This makes it the only plant known to offer its own tissue as bait, and pitchers that have caught termites typically lack their white band.

Mwongozo wa Utunzaji

Mahitaji ya Mwanga

Bright, diffuse light is excellent, and artificial lighting can be adequate if it is bright enough.

Bright light year round; no seasonal rest kila siku

Mahitaji ya Maji

Aina: Purified water (distilled, reverse osmosis or rain) is safest

Mbinu: Water from above and let the excess drain. Do not keep the pot standing in a tray of water: plants sitting in trays often have dwarfed root systems.

Mzunguko: Often enough to keep the mix evenly moist

Unyevu: Very high: at least 60%, ideally near 90%

Udongo

A 50:50 mix of long-fiber sphagnum moss and perlite is a good general starting point. After about a year, knock the plant out of its pot and look at the roots; if they are not exploring the mix, try a different one.

pH: Acidic (sphagnum based)

Halijoto

Majira ya joto: Between Rice's lowland and highland ranges

Majira ya baridi: Same as summer; tropical, grows all year

Kulisha

Mzunguko: Optional; at most once or twice a month into the pitchers

Plants that catch insects need no feeding. Growers who want to fertilize can pour a small amount of orchid or epiphyte fertilizer into the pitchers once or twice a month, starting small and watching the effect. Fertilizing is optional.

Uenezi

Mbinu: Stem cuttings: cut green stems into segments with about two leaves each, trim each leaf to about a third of its size, set the lower half in the mix and keep the cutting at very high humidity. Roots usually form within about a month. Seed needs a male and a female plant flowering at the same time; it is short-lived and should be sown at once.

Ugumu: Moderate

Vidokezo vya Kompyuta

Keep it warm, humid and brightly lit, water from above, and do not rub the white band under the rim.

Kutatua matatizo

Pitchers without the white band: the hairs are lost when termites graze them, so this is normal after a catch. Leaf edges burning and tendrils failing to form pitchers: humidity too low. A small plant with a weak root system: the pot has been standing in water.

Vidokezo vya Kukua

Humidity makes the pitchers Troubleshooting

Burned leaf edges and tendrils without pitchers usually mean the air is too dry.

Between lowland and highland Advanced

It grows wild from sea level to about 1,200 m, so it sits between Rice's lowland and highland temperature ranges.

The white band is bait General

The white hairs under the rim are living tissue that termites eat. A pitcher that has lost them has probably made a catch.

Mambo ya Kuvutia

Albomarginata means 'white-margined', from Latin albus (white) and marginatus (bordered).
Its prey specialisation on termites is unique among carnivorous plants.
A single pitcher can fill with termites overnight, losing its white band in the process.
Its leaves have no stalk at all, a distinctive feature.
Green is the common form; red and blackish forms are rarer.
The IUCN Red List assessed it as Least Concern in 2018 (Clarke, assessment T39639A143958253).

History

Thomas Lobb first collected Nepenthes albomarginata in 1848, and John Lindley described it the following year in The Gardeners' Chronicle; the lectotype is the illustration published there. It was introduced into cultivation in the United Kingdom in 1856. Varieties were later named, including var. rubra (Macfarlane, 1908) for red plants. In the 1996 book Pitcher-Plants of Borneo it was given the English name white-collared pitcher-plant. Charles Clarke drew attention in 1997 to the possibility that it specialises in termites, which Merbach's field experiments demonstrated.

Vyanzo

Maswali yaliyoulizwa mara nyingi

Bright, diffuse light is excellent, and artificial lighting can be adequate if it is bright enough. Amua karibu Bright light year round; no seasonal rest ya nuru kwa siku.

Purified water (distilled, reverse osmosis or rain) is safest. Water from above and let the excess drain. Do not keep the pot standing in a tray of water: plants sitting in trays often have dwarfed root systems.

A 50:50 mix of long-fiber sphagnum moss and perlite is a good general starting point. After about a year, knock the plant out of its pot and look at the roots; if they are not exploring the mix, try a different one. Soil pH: Acidic (sphagnum based).

Halihitaji kupunguzwa kwa joto wakati wa majira ya baridi kali: Same as summer; tropical, grows all year.

Plants that catch insects need no feeding. Growers who want to fertilize can pour a small amount of orchid or epiphyte fertilizer into the pitchers once or twice a month, starting small and watching the effect. Fertilizing is optional. Mara nyingi: Optional; at most once or twice a month into the pitchers.

Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, including Penang and Nias. Its typical habitat is kerangas (heath) forest, but it also grows in submontane forest and on exposed ridge-tops and the summits of low peaks, on peat, limestone or sandstone.

Orodha ya IUCN ya Shirika la Kupima Mafuta Huko INSUC inaipima kuwa Least Concern.

Stem cuttings: cut green stems into segments with about two leaves each, trim each leaf to about a third of its size, set the lower half in the mix and keep the cutting at very high humidity. Roots usually form within about a month. Seed needs a male and a female plant flowering at the same time; it is short-lived and should be sown at once.

Pitchers without the white band: the hairs are lost when termites graze them, so this is normal after a catch. Leaf edges burning and tendrils failing to form pitchers: humidity too low. A small plant with a weak root system: the pot has been standing in water.

Carnivoras huuza White-collared Pitcher Plant nchini Mexico.

Inapatikana kwa Kununua

Nepenthes albomarginata 'Red'

$450MXN

≈ US$24.39

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Endelea Kusasishwa White-collared Pitcher Plant

Jisajili ili kupokea vidokezo vya utunzaji, miongozo ya kukua, na masasisho mahususi kwa White-collared Pitcher Plant na mimea mingine inayokula nyama.

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