Sumatran Pitcher Plant
Nepenthes sumatrana
129 दृश्ये
वर्गीकरण
| कुटुंब: | Nepenthaceae |
|---|---|
| वंश: | Nepenthes |
| ऑर्डर करा: | Caryophyllales |
आढावा
Nepenthes sumatrana is a lowland tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumatra, after which it is named. It is best known from the hills around the port of Sibolga, has striped peristomes and large funnel shaped upper pitchers, and is assessed as Critically Endangered.
Nepenthes sumatrana is a climbing plant whose stems can reach 15 m. Its leathery leaves grow to 55 cm long and 9 cm wide and are fringed with short brown hairs, and the tendrils reach 60 cm. Rosette pitchers are small, up to 10 cm tall. Lower pitchers are wholly ovoid, up to 20 cm tall and 10 cm wide, with a pair of fringed wings and the widest point just below the rim. Upper pitchers are funnel shaped and by far the largest, reaching 30 cm tall and 15 cm wide; their wings are reduced to ribs, and the front of the mouth is raised, as in the related N. rafflesiana. Barry Rice describes the peristome as marvellously striped and the fat lower pitchers as similar to those of N. bicalcarata, but without its teeth.
Its closest relatives are N. beccariana, N. longifolia and N. rafflesiana. It differs from N. rafflesiana chiefly in the lower pitchers, which are completely ovoid, with indistinct peristome teeth and no elongated neck, and in its narrower, hair-fringed leaves. No forms or varieties have been described. Plants are either male or female, as in all Nepenthes.
भौगोलिक माहिती
मूळ प्रदेश: Sumatra, Indonesia (endemic); North and West Sumatra provinces, best known near Sibolga
हवामान क्षेत्रे: Tropical lowland (0-800 m); grown under glass outside the tropics
Nepenthes sumatrana grows on the ground in dense, undisturbed lowland forest on sandstone, from sea level to about 800 m. Moist, shady conditions appear vital: it has not been recorded from areas cleared for logging or agriculture, which may explain its patchy distribution. Plants are often found on very steep slopes. Seedlings have been seen on open cliff faces, but larger plants are known only from forest, where the stems climb into the canopy. The full extent of its range is uncertain; plants named N. spinosa from near Sawahlunto appear to belong to this species.
शारीरिक वैशिष्ट्ये
प्रौढ आकार: Climbing stems to 15 m; upper pitchers up to 30 cm (12 in) tall
वाढीचा दर: Moderate
सापळ्याचा प्रकार: Pitfall Trap
Each pitcher is a pitfall trap at the end of a leaf tendril. Its walls are slippery and very hard for prey to climb, and the ribbed peristome both retains prey and conducts it into the pitcher. The lid's coloring and nectar glands attract insects, and those clinging to its underside are at risk of falling in. In general, pitchers near the ground catch mostly crawling animals and those higher up more flying insects. N. sumatrana shows this division clearly: squat, winged lower pitchers sit low on the plant, while the much larger, funnel shaped upper pitchers hang from the climbing stems.
काळजी मार्गदर्शक
प्रकाश आवश्यकता
Bright, diffuse sunlight. Artificial lighting can be enough if it is bright. Windowsills and outdoor settings outside the tropics are usually unsuitable because the air is too dry, so most growers use a humid greenhouse or growing chamber. In the wild it grows in moist, shady forest rather than open ground.
Bright, diffuse light year round; no seasonal rest दररोज
पाण्याची आवश्यकता
प्रकार: Purified water (distilled, reverse osmosis or rain) is safest
पद्धत: Water from above and let the excess drain. Plants left standing in trays often develop dwarfed root systems.
वारंवारता: Keep the mix moist; frequent watering suits an airy, well drained mix
आर्द्रता: High: at least 60%, ideally near 90%
माती
Start with a 50:50 mix of long-fiber sphagnum moss and perlite. Match the mix to your conditions: in a very humid setting with frequent watering an almost pure aggregate mix works, while a brighter, drier setting needs more sphagnum to hold water. After about a year, knock the plant out of its pot and check that the roots are spreading through the mix.
pH: Acidic (sphagnum based)
तापमान
उन्हाळा: Days 86-93°F (30-34°C); nights about 14°F cooler
हिवाळा: Same as summer; keep warm all year
आहार देणे
वारंवारता: Optional; fertilizer at most once or twice a month into pitchers
Optional. If you want to fertilize, pour a small amount of orchid or epiphyte fertilizer directly into the pitchers once or twice a month, starting small and watching the effect. Plants that catch insects need nothing more, and many growers never fertilize Nepenthes. For seedlings whose pitchers have grown large enough, the ICPS suggests a small piece of dried bloodworm in one or two pitchers first, to see how the plant responds.
प्रसार
पद्धती: Stem cuttings: cut a green stem into segments with about two leaves each, trim each leaf to about a third of its size, bury the lower half in the mix and keep the pot in a closed bag at 100% humidity. Roots usually form within a month or so. Cuttings made under water root better. Seed needs a male and a female plant flowering at the same time; the long, threadlike seed should be sown immediately. The ICPS sows Nepenthes seed on chopped live sphagnum or coir at about 26-32°C (80-90°F) in a closed plastic bag; germination takes from four weeks to almost a year, and a display-sized plant takes three to five years.
अडचण: Moderate
नवशिक्यांसाठी टिप्स
Treat it as a hot-house plant: warm days, warm nights and very high humidity. Water from above. In the wild it grows in moist, shady forest, so bright but diffuse light suits it.
समस्यानिवारण
Leaf edges burning and tendrils failing to form pitchers: humidity is too low. Small plant with a weak root system: the pot has been left standing in water. Roots not exploring the mix after a year: change the mix.
वाढत्या टिप्स
No pitchers? Check the humidity Troubleshooting
When the air is too dry, leaf edges burn and tendrils stop forming pitchers. Raise the humidity towards 90%.
Two kinds of pitcher Advanced
Young plants make small, round, winged lower pitchers. Once the stem climbs, it produces funnel shaped upper pitchers up to 30 cm tall, so give the plant something to climb.
Keep the nights warm General
As a lowland species from 0-800 m, N. sumatrana wants days around 30-34°C (86-93°F) and nights only about 8°C (14°F) cooler. Cold nights suit highland Nepenthes, not this one.
मनोरंजक माहिती
It was first collected in February 1856; the next person known to have knowingly seen it in the wild is thought to be Ch'ien Lee, in 1998.
For most of the 20th century it was treated as a synonym of N. treubiana from New Guinea.
Its upper pitchers, up to 30 cm tall, are far larger than its lower ones.
It seems to hybridise rarely; recorded crosses include those with N. eustachya, N. gracilis and N. mirabilis.
Many plants grow on slopes so steep that over-collection is a smaller threat than development around Sibolga.
The IUCN Red List assessed it as Critically Endangered in 2014 (Clarke, assessment T39700A21845285).
इतिहास
Johannes Elias Teijsmann collected the first specimens in February 1856 near the port town of Sibolga, where he found several Nepenthes growing on the coast between scrub and on steep rocks. Friedrich Miquel described the material in 1858 as a variety of N. boschiana, and in 1886 Odoardo Beccari treated it as a variety of N. maxima; neither species is now thought to occur in Sumatra. Günther Beck von Mannagetta first published the name Nepenthes sumatrana in 1895.
Macfarlane (1908) and Danser (1928) then sank it into N. treubiana. Rusjdi Tamin and Mitsuru Hotta recognized it again as distinct in 1986, and Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek formally restored it in their 1997 revision, though they also included N. longifolia; Charles Clarke separated the two again in 2001. Clarke, working from wild populations, rated it Critically Endangered that year, noting that it seems unable to survive in disturbed habitat.
स्त्रोत
- Nepenthes sumatrana, Wikipedia
- Nepenthes: the tropical pitcher plants, The Carnivorous Plant FAQ (Barry Rice)
- Nepenthes: species of Sumatra, The Carnivorous Plant FAQ (Barry Rice)
- Nepenthes: basic cultivation, The Carnivorous Plant FAQ (Barry Rice)
- Nepenthes: advanced cultivation, The Carnivorous Plant FAQ (Barry Rice)
- Growing Nepenthes from Seed, International Carnivorous Plant Society
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